Patients with fibromyalgia have brain networks primed for rapid, global responses to minor changes, a new study finds. This abnormal hypersensitivity, called explosive synchronization (ES), can be seen in other network phenomena across nature.

Researchers from the University of Michigan and Pohang University of Science and Technology in South Korea reported this evidence of ES in the brains of people with fibromyalgia, a condition characterized by widespread, chronic pain.

“For the first time, this research shows that the hypersensitivity experienced by chronic pain patients may result from hypersensitive brain networks. The subjects had conditions similar to other networks that undergo explosive synchronization,”

said co-senior author Richard Harris, Ph.D., associate professor of anesthesiology at Michigan Medicine with the Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center.

Explosive Synchronization

In explosive synchronization, a small stimulus can lead to a dramatic synchronized reaction in the network, as can happen with a power grid failure (that rapidly turns things off) or a seizure (that rapidly turns things on).

This phenomenon was, until recently, studied in physics rather than medicine. Researchers say it’s a promising avenue to explore in the continued quest to determine how a person develops fibromyalgia.

“As opposed to the normal process of gradually linking up different centers in the brain after a stimulus, chronic pain patients have conditions that predispose them to linking up in an abrupt, explosive manner,”

said first author UnCheol Lee, Ph.D., a physicist and assistant professor of anesthesiology at Michigan Medicine. These conditions are similar to other networks that undergo ES, including power grids, Lee says.

Electrically Unstable And Sensitive

The researchers recorded electrical activity in the brains of 10 female participants with fibromyalgia. Baseline EEG results showed hypersensitive and unstable brain networks, Harris said.

Importantly, there was a strong correlation between the degree of ES conditions and the self-reported intensity of chronic pain reported by the patients at the time of EEG testing.

Lee’s research team and collaborators in South Korea then used computer models of brain activity to compare stimulus responses of fibromyalgia patients to the normal condition. As expected, the fibromyalgia model was more sensitive to electrical stimulation than the model without explosive synchronization characteristics.

“We again see the chronic pain brain is electrically unstable and sensitive,”

Harris said. He added this type of modeling could help guide future treatments for fibromyalgia.

Since ES can be modeled essentially outside of the brain or in a computer, researchers can exhaustively test for influential regions that transform a hypersensitive network into a more stable one. These regions could then be targeted in living humans using noninvasive brain modulation therapies.

The study was funded in part by a research grant from the Cerephex Corporation, and the James S. McDonnell Foundation. Additional support came from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.

UnCheol Lee, Minkyung Kim, KyoungEun Lee, Chelsea M. Kaplan, Daniel J. Clauw, Seunghwan Kim, George A. Mashour & Richard E. Harris
Functional Brain Network Mechanism of Hypersensitivity in Chronic Pain
Scientific Reports 8, Article number: 243 (2018)